Aptitude – Number system

Number system

In Decimal number system, there are ten symbols namely 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 called digits. A number is denoted by group of these digits called as numerals.

Face Value

Face value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit itself. For example in 321, face value of 1 is 1, face value of 2 is 2 and face value of 3 is 3.

Place Value

Place value of a digit in a numeral is value of the digit multiplied by 10n where n starts from 0. For example in 321:

  • Place value of 1 = 1 x 100 = 1 x 1 = 1
  • Place value of 2 = 2 x 101 = 2 x 10 = 20
  • Place value of 3 = 3 x 102 = 3 x 100 = 300

0th position digit is called unit digit and is the most commonly used topic in aptitude tests.

Types of Numbers

  1. Natural Numbers – n > 0 where n is counting number; [1,2,3…]
  2. Whole Numbers – n ≥ 0 where n is counting number; [0,1,2,3…].

0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.
Every natural number is a whole number.

  1. Integers – n ≥ 0 or n ≤ 0 where n is counting number;…,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3… are integers.
  • Positive Integers – n > 0; [1,2,3…]
  • Negative Integers – n < 0; [-1,-2,-3…]
  • Non-Positive Integers – n ≤ 0; [0,-1,-2,-3…]
  • Non-Negative Integers – n ≥ 0; [0,1,2,3…] number system

0 is neither positive nor negative integer.

  1. Even Numbers – n / 2 = 0 where n is counting number; [0,2,4,…]
  2. Odd Numbers – n / 2 ≠ 0 where n is counting number; [1,3,5,…]
  3. Prime Numbers – Numbers which is divisible by themselves only apart from 1.

1 is not a prime number.

To test a number p to be prime, find a whole number k such that k > √p. Get all prime numbers less than or equal to k and divide p with each of these prime numbers. If no number divides p exactly then p is a prime number otherwise it is not a prime number.

Example: 191 is prime number or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – 14 > √191
Step 2 – Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 – 191 is not divisible by any above prime number.
Result – 191 is a prime number.

Example: 187 is prime number or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – 14 > √187
Step 2 – Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
Step 3 – 187 is divisible by 11.
Result – 187 is not a prime number.

  1. Composite Numbers – Non-prime numbers > 1. For example, 4,6,8,9 etc.

1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
2 is the only even prime number.

  1. Co-Primes Numbers – Two natural numbers are co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1. For example, (2,3), (4,5) are co-primes.

Divisibility number system

Following are tips to check divisibility of numbers. number system

  1. Divisibility by 2 – A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is 0,2,4,6 or 8.

Example: 64578 is divisible by 2 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 8.
Result – 64578 is divisible by 2.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 2 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 5.
Result – 64575 is not divisible by 2.

  1. Divisibility by 3 – A number is divisible by 3 if sum of its digits is completely divisible by 3.

Example: 64578 is divisible by 3 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30
which is divisible by 3.
Result – 64578 is divisible by 3.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 3 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 6 = 28
which is not divisible by 3.
Result – 64576 is not divisible by 3.

  1. Divisibility by 4 – A number is divisible by 4 if number formed using its last two digits is completely divisible by 4.

Example: 64578 is divisible by 4 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – number formed using its last two digits is 78
which is not divisible by 4.
Result – 64578 is not divisible by 4.

Example: 64580 is divisible by 4 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – number formed using its last two digits is 80
which is divisible by 4.
Result – 64580 is divisible by 4.

  1. Divisibility by 5 – A number is divisible by 5 if its unit digit is 0 or 5.

Example: 64578 is divisible by 5 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 8.
Result – 64578 is not divisible by 5.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 5 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 5.
Result – 64575 is divisible by 5.

  1. Divisibility by 6 – A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3. number system

Example: 64578 is divisible by 6 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 8. Number is divisible by 2.
Step 2 – Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30
which is divisible by 3.
Result – 64578 is divisible by 6.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 6 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 8. Number is divisible by 2.
Step 2 – Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 6 = 28
which is not divisible by 3.
Result – 64576 is not divisible by 6.

  1. Divisibility by 8 – A number is divisible by 8 if number formed using its last three digits is completely divisible by 8.

Example: 64578 is divisible by 8 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – number formed using its last three digits is 578
which is not divisible by 8.
Result – 64578 is not divisible by 8.

Example: 64576 is divisible by 8 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – number formed using its last three digits is 576
which is divisible by 8.
Result – 64576 is divisible by 8.

  1. Divisibility by 9 – A number is divisible by 9 if sum of its digits is completely divisible by 9.

Example: 64579 is divisible by 9 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 31
which is not divisible by 9.
Result – 64579 is not divisible by 9.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 9 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Sum of its digits is 6 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 5 = 27
which is divisible by 9.
Result – 64575 is divisible by 9.

  1. Divisibility by 10 – A number is divisible by 10 if its unit digit is 0.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 10 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 5.
Result – 64578 is not divisible by 10.

Example: 64570 is divisible by 10 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – Unit digit is 0.
Result – 64570 is divisible by 10.

  1. Divisibility by 11 – A number is divisible by 11 if difference between sum of digits at odd places and sum of digits at even places is either 0 or is divisible by 11.

Example: 64575 is divisible by 11 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – difference between sum of digits at odd places
and sum of digits at even places = (6+5+5) – (4+7) = 5
which is not divisible by 11.
Result – 64575 is not divisible by 11.

Example: 64075 is divisible by 11 or not?
Solution:
Step 1 – difference between sum of digits at odd places
and sum of digits at even places = (6+0+5) – (4+7) = 0.
Result – 64075 is divisible by 11.

Tips on Division number system

  1. If a number n is divisible by two co-primes numbers a, b then n is divisible by ab.
  2. (a-b) always divides (an – bn) if n is a natural number.
  3. (a+b) always divides (an – bn) if n is an even number.
  4. (a+b) always divides (an + bn) if n is an odd number. number system

Division Algorithm

When a number is divided by another number then

Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Reminder

Series

Following are formulaes for basic number series:

  1. (1+2+3+…+n) = (1/2)n(n+1)
  2. (12+22+32+…+n2) = (1/6)n(n+1)(2n+1)
  3. (13+23+33+…+n3) = (1/4)n2(n+1)2

Basic Formulas

These are the basic formulae:

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab

(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

(a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab

(a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)

(a2 – b2) = (a + b)(a – b)

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)

(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)

(a3 – b3) = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)

(a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

This Post Has One Comment

  1. Ashu S.

    Why U Are Not Publishing NCERT Solution?? plz publish ??

Leave a Reply